Microspheres: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives in Biomedical Applications

Bhartendu . — 2025-04-21

Microspheres are spherical microparticles ranging from 1 to 1000 µm in diameter, with diverse applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering, and environmental science. Their unique physical properties, including high surface area, tunable porosity, controlled release mechanisms, and biocompatibility, make them valuable in biomedical and industrial fields. Various fabrication techniques, such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, spray drying, phase separation, and polymerization, allow precise control over microsphere characteristics, enabling targeted and sustained drug delivery. Microspheres can be composed of biodegradable polymers, ceramics, glass, or metals, with functionalization strategies enhancing their specificity and efficacy. Despite their advantages, challenges such as large-scale production, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release persist. Future advancements in microsphere technology focus on stimuli-responsive systems, enhanced targeting, and novel biodegradable materials to improve therapeutic outcomes. This review explores the fundamental properties, classification, preparation methods, applications, and future perspectives of microspheres in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.

Keywords: Microspheres, drug delivery, controlled release, biodegradable polymers, tissue engineering, diagnostics, fabrication techniques, stimuli-responsive systems, functionalized microspheres, biomedical applications.

Review of Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Impact, and Treatment Strategies

Sagar . — 2025-04-21

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders globally, characterized by chronic high blood sugar levels due to either insulin deficiency or resistance. The two main types of diabetes, Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM), pose significant health challenges. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that primarily affects children and young adults, while Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, is predominantly found in adults and is increasingly common in low- and middle-income countries. This review highlights the rising global prevalence of diabetes, with projections indicating that by 2030, over 550 million people will be affected. The disease contributes to a variety of severe complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, retinopathy, nerve damage, and amputations, significantly impacting individuals' quality of life and healthcare systems. The primary objective of diabetes management is to maintain blood glucose levels within a target range to reduce the risk of long-term complications. This is achieved through a combination of lifestyle modifications, such as diet and physical activity, and pharmacological therapies. Insulin therapy remains essential for managing T1DM, while oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) are often the first-line treatment for T2DM. Despite the availability of various treatment options, managing diabetes effectively requires a personalized approach, considering individual factors and disease progression. This review emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and the role of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Keyword: Antidiabetic drug, Diabetes mellitus and types, Treatment, Side effects

International Journal of Engineering Science and Generic Research

Microspheres: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives in Biomedical Applications

Review of Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Impact, and Treatment Strategies